Ang probinsyano torrent download

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Arka Sokaklar. FREE downloads! The second season of Ang Probinsyano, a Philippine action drama television series on Retrieved 8 April Dec 19, — 14 No. The show was hosted by the three 3 of the original host of the program, Tito Sotto Retrieved December 3, Upload a Thing! Customize a Thing.

Download All Files. Select a Collection. Save to Collection. Tip Designer. In fact, manual gestures still feature prominently in language; even as fluent speakers gesture almost as much as they vocalize, and of course deaf communities spontaneously develop signed language.

It has also been proposed that speech itself is in many respects better conceived as composed of gestures rather than PY sequences of these elusive phantoms called phonemes. In this view, language evolved as a system of gestures based on movements of the hands, arms and face, including movements of the mouth, lips, and tongue. It would not have been a big steps to add voicing to the gestural repertoire, at O first as mere grunts, but later articulated so that invisible gestures of the oral cavity could rendered accessible, but to the ear rather than the eye.

There may therefore have been continuity from the language that was almost C exclusively manual and facial, though perhaps punctuated by involuntary grunts, to one in which the vocal component has a much more extensive repertoire and is under voluntary control. The essential feature of modern D expressive language is not that it is purely vocal, but rather that the component can function autonomously and provide the grammar as well as E meaning of linguistics communication.

EP 5 What, then, are the advantages of a language that can operate autonomously through voice and ear, rather than hand and eye? Why speech? D Advantages of Arbitrary Symbols 6 One possible advantage of vocal language is its arbitrariness. Except in rare cases of onomatopoeia, spoken words cannot be iconic, and they therefore offer scope for creating symbols that distinguish between object or actions that look alike or might otherwise be confusable.

The names of similar animals, such as cats, lions, tigers, cheetahs, lynxes, and leopards, are rather different. We may be confused as to which animals is which, bur at least it is clear which one we are talking about. The shortening of words overtime also makes communication more efficient, and some of us have 4 All rights reserved.

Jared Diamond observes that the people living largely traditional PY lifestyle in New Guinea can name hundreds of birds, animals, and plants, along with details about each of them.

These people are illiterate, relying on word of mouth to pass on information, not only about potential foods, but also about how to survive dangers, such as crop failures, droughts, cyclones, and O raids from other tribes. Diamond suggests that the main repository of accumulated information is elderly. He points out that humans are unique among primates in that they can expect to live to a ripe old age, well beyond C the age of child bearing although perhaps it was not always so.

A slowing down of senescence may well have been selected in evolution because the knowledge retained by the elderly enhanced the survival of their younger D relatives. An elderly, knowledgeable granny may help us all live a little longer, and she can also look after the kids. E 8 In the naming and transmission of such detailed information, EP iconic representation would almost certainly be inefficient: edible plants or berries could be confused with poisonous ones, and animals that attack confused with those that are benign.

This is not to say that gestural signs could not to do the trick. Manual signs readily become conventionalized and convey abstract information. Nevertheless, there may be some advantage to D using spoken words, since they have virtually no iconic content to begin with, and so provide a ready-made system for abstraction. After all, students at Gallaudet University seem pretty unrestricted in what they can learn; signed language apparently functions well right through to university level- and still requires students to learn lots of vocabulary from their suitably elderly professor.

It is nevertheless true that many signs remain iconic, or at 5 All rights reserved. But there may well be a trade- off here. Signed language may easier to learn than spoken ones. Especially in initial stages of acquisition, in which the child comes to understand the linking of objects and the action with their linguistic representations.

But spoken languages, ones acquired, may relay messages more accurately, since spoken words are better calibrated to minimize confusion.

Even so, the iconic component is often important, and as I look the quadrangles outside my office I see how freely the students there are embellishing their conversations with manual gestures.

This enables us to communicate at night, which not only O extends the time available for meaningful communications but may also have proven decisive in the competition for space and resources. We of the gentle species Homo sapiens have a legacy of invasion, having migrated out of C Africa into territories inhabited by other hominins who migrated earlier.

Perhaps it was the newfound ability to communicate vocally, without the need for a visual component that enabled our fore-bearers to plan, and even carry D out, invasion at night, and so vanquish the earlier migrants. E 11 It is not only a question of being able to communicate at night.

All this has to do, of course, with the nature of sound itself, which travels equally well in the dark as in the light and wiggles its way around obstacles.

The wall between you and the base drummer next door may attenuate the sound but does not completely block it. Vision, on the other hand, depends on light reflected from an external D source, such as the sun, and is therefore ineffective when no such source is available. And the light reflected from the surface of an object to your eye travels in rigidly straight lines, which means that it can provide detailed information about shape but is susceptible to occlusion and interference.

In terms of the sheer ability to reach those with whom you are trying to communicate, words speak louder than actions. Listen to Me! To some extent, we can overcome this impediment by whispering.

And sometimes, people resort to signing. But the general alerting function of sounds also has its advantages. PY 13 In the evolution of speech, the alerting component of language might have consisted at first simply of grunt that accompany gestures to give emphasis to specific actions or encourage reluctant offspring to attend while a parent lays down the law.

It is also possible that non-vocal sounds O accompanied gestural communication. I know of no evidence that chimpanzees or other nonhuman primates are able to click their fingers as humans can, although lip smacking, as observed in chimpanzees, may have played a similar role. D Sounds may therefore have played a similar and largely alerting role in early evolution of language, gradually assuming more prominence in conveying the E message itself.

EP 14 For humans, visual signals can only attract attention if they occur within a fairly restricted region of space, whereas the alerting power of sound is more or less independent of where its source is located relative to listener. And sound is a better alerting medium in other respects as well. No amount of gesticulation will wake a sleeping person, whereas a loud yell will D usually do the trick.

The alerting power of sound no doubt explains why animals have evolved vocal signals for sending messages of alarm. Visual signals are relatively inefficient because they may elude our gaze, and in any case we can shut them out by closing our eyes, as we vulnerable to auditory assault. Manual gesture is much more demanding of attention, since you must keep your eyes fixed on gesturer in order to extract her meaning, whereas speech can be understood regardless of where you are looking.

There are a number of advantages in being able to communicate with people without having to look at them. You can effectively divide attention, using speech to communicate with a companion while visual attention is deployed elsewhere, perhaps to watch a football game or to engage in some joint activity, like building a boat.

Indeed, the separation of visual and auditory attention may have been critical in the development of pedagogy. PY Three Hands Better than Two 16 Another reason why vocal language may have arisen is that it proves an extra medium.

We have already seen that most people gesture O with their hands, and indeed their faces, while they talk. One might argue then, that the addition of vocal channel provides additional texture and richness to the message.

C 17 But perhaps it is not a simply a matter of being better. Susan Golden-Meadow and David McNeill suggest that speech may have evolved D because it allows the vocal and manual components to serve different and complimentary purposes.

Speech is perfectly adequate to convey syntax, E which has no iconic or mimetic aspect, and can relieve the hands and arms of this chore. D 18 But speech may have evolved, not because it gave the hands freer rein for mimetic expression, but rather because it freed the hands to do other activities. Demonstrations might themselves be considered gestures, of course, but the more explanatory aspect of pedagogy, involving grammatical structure and symbolic content, would interfere with manual demonstration if they were too conveyed manually.

Clearly, it is much easier and more informative to talk while demonstrating than to try to mix linguistic signs in with the demonstration. This is illustrated by a good TV cooking show, where chefs is PY seldom at a lost for either word or ingredients. It may not be far fetch to suppose that the selective advantages of vocal communication emerged when the hominins began to develop a more advanced tool technology, and they could eventually verbally explain what they were doing while they O demonstrated tool-making techniques.

Moreover, if vocal language did not become autonomous until the emergence of Homo sapiens, this might explain why tools manufacture did not really begin to develop true diversity and C sophistication, and indeed to rival language itself in this respect, until within the last , years. D 20 Thus, it was not the emergence of the language itself that gave rise to the evolutionary explosion that has made our lives so different from our E near relatives, the great apes.

Language and D manufacture also allowed cultural transmission to become the dominant mode of inheritance in human life. That ungainly bird, the jumbo jet, could not have been created without hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years of cultural evolution, and the brains that created it were not biologically superior to the brains that existed in , years ago in Africa.

The invention of speech may have merely been the first of many developments that have put us not only on the map, but all over it. A Brief History of English Paul Roberts 1 No understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory without the notice of the history of the language. But we have to make do with just a notion.

The history of English is long and complicated, and we can only hit the high spots. For a thousand years or so before the birth of Christ, our linguistic ancestors were savage wandering through the forest of Northern Europe. They spoke a dialect of Low German. O More exactly, they spoke several different dialects, since they were several different tribes.

The names given to the tribe who got to English are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. For convenience, we can refer to them all as Anglo-Saxons. Probably some of the Anglo-Saxons wondered into the empire occasionally, and certainly Roman merchants and traders D travelled among the tribes. At any rate, this period saw the first if our so many borrowing from Latin. Such words as kettle, wine, cheese, butter, cheap, plum, gem, bishop, church were borrowed at this times. They show of the relationships of the E Anglo-Saxons with the Romans.

The Anglo-Saxons were learning, getting their first taste of civilization. EP 5 They still had a long way to go, however, and their first step was to help smash the civilization they were learning from. In the fourth century the Roman power weakened badly. While the Goths were pounding, away at the Romans in the Mediterranean countries, their relatives, he Anglo-Saxons, began to attach Britain. D 6 The Romans has been the ruling power in Britain since 43 C.

They have subjugated the Celts whom they found living there and had succeeded in settling up a Roman administration. The Roman influence did not extend to the outlying parts of the British Isles. In Scotland, Whales, and Ireland the Celts remained free and wild, they made periodic forays against the Romans in England. Among other defence measures, the Romans build the famous Roman Walls to ward off the tribes in the north.

Latin did not become the language of the country as it did in Gaul and Spain. The mass of people continued to speak Celtics, with Latin and the Roman civilization it contained in use as a top dressing. Not only did the untamed tribes of Scotland and Whales grow more and more restive, but also the Anglo-Saxons began to make pirate raids on the eastern coast.

Furthermore, there was growing difficulty everywhere in the Empire, and the legions in Britain were siphoned off to fight elsewhere. Finally, in C. The Celts were left in possession of Britain but almost defenceless against the impending Anglo-Saxons attack. According to the best early source, the eighth-century historian Bade, the Jutes came in in response to a plea from the Celtics king, Vortigern, who wanted PY their help against the Picts attacking the north.

The Jutes subdue the Picts, but then quarrelled and fought with Vortigern, and with reinforcement from the continent, settled permanently in Kent. Somewhat later the Angles established themselves in the eastern England and the Saxons in the south and west. Fighting went on for as long as a hundred C years before the Celts in Celts were all killed, driven into Wales, or reduced to slavery. This is the period of King Arthur, who was not entirely mythological.

He was a Romanized Celt, a general, though probably not a king. He had some success against the Anglo-Saxons, but it was only temporary. We have E no record of the English language until after , when the Anglo-Saxon were converted to Christianity and learned the Latin alphabets. The conversion began, to EP be precise in within thirty to forty years. The conversion was a great advance for the Anglo-Saxons, not only of the spiritual benefits but also because it re-established contact with what remained of Roman civilization.

Old English runs from the earliest record-i. In the century after the conversion the most advanced kingdom was Northumbrians, the area between the Humber River and the Scottish border. By C. E the Northumbrians had developed a respectable civilization, the 11 All rights reserved.

It is sometimes called the Northumbian Renaissance, and it was the first of the several renaissance through which Europe struggled upward out of the ruins of the Roman Empire. It was in this period that the best of the Old English literature was written, including the epic poem Beowulf.

A century later center shifted again, and Wessex, the country of the West Saxons, became the leading power. The most famous king of the West Saxons was Alfred the Great, who reigned in the second half of the ninth century, dying in He was famous not only as a military man and administrator but also as a champion of learning.

He founded and supported schools and translated or caused to be translated many books from Latin into English. At this time also much of the Northumbian literature of two PY centuries earlier was copied in West Saxons.

Indeed, the great bulk of Old English writing which has come down to us is the West Saxon dialect of or later. In the ninth and tenth centuries, the O Norsemen emerged in their ships from their homeland in Denmark and the Scandinavian Peninsula. They travelled and attacked and plundered at their will and almost with impunity.

Nor they overlooked England. There was nothing much to oppose them except the Wessex power led by Alfred. The long struggle ended in with a treaty by which a line was drawn roughly from the northwest of England to the E southwest.

On the eastern side of the line, Norse rule was to prevail. This was called the Danelaw. The western side was to be governed by Wessex.

EP 17 The linguistic result of all this was a considerable injection of Norse into the English language. Norse was at this time not so different from English as Norwegian or Danish is now. Probably the speakers of English could understand, more or less, the language of the new comers who had moved into eastern England. D At any rate, there was considerable interchange and word borrowing.

Examples of Norse words in the English language are sky, give, law, egg, outlaw, leg, ugly, scant, crawl, scowl, take, thrust. There are hundreds more. We have even borrowed some pronouns from Norse-they, their, and them. These words were borrowed first by the eastern and northern dialects and then in the course of hundreds of years made their way into English generally.

But this is hard to demonstrate in detail. This has come to us in several different versions, Here is one: Faeder ure [thorn] u[eth]e eart on heofonum si [thorn] in nama gehalgd. Tobecume [thorn]in rice. Gewur[eth]e [thorn]in willa on eor[eth]an swa swa on heofonum.

Urne gedaeghwamlican half slye us to daeg. An forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfa[thorn] urum glytendum. And ne gelaed [thorn]u us on cost nunge ac alys of yfele. The th sounds of modern thin or then are represented in Old English by [thorn] or [eth]. But of course there are many differences in sounds too. Ure is the ancestor of modern our, but the first vowel was like that in too or ooze. Hlaf is modern loaf; we have dropped the h sound and changed the vowel, which in half was pronounce something like the vowel in father.

O Old English had some sounds which we do not have. The sound represented by y does not occur in Modern English.

If you pronounced the vowel in bit with your lips rounded, you may approach it. That is, there were more case endings for nouns, more person and number ending for verbs, a more complicated pronoun system, various endings for D adjectives, and so on. Old English nouns had four cases —nominative, genitive, dative, accusative. Adjectives had five-all these and an instrumental case besides. Present day English has only two cases from nouns-common case and possessive E case.

Adjectives now have no case system at all. On the other hand, we now use more rigid word order and more structure words preposition, auxiliaries, and the like EP to express relationships than Old English did.

Heofonum, for instance is a dative plural; the nominative singular was heofon. Urne is an accusative singular; the nominative is ure. In urum gyltendum both words are dative plural.

D Forgyfap is the third person plural form of the verb. Word order is different. Most of the Old English words are what we may call native English; that is, words which have not been borrowed from other languages but which have been a part of English ever since English was a part of Indo-European. Old English did certainly contain borrowed words. We have seen that many borrowing were coming in from Norse.

Rather large numbers had been borrowed from Latin, too. Some of these were taken while the Anglos-Saxons were still in the continent cheese, butter, bishop, kettle, etc. But the great majority of Old English words were native English. Of the words from The American College Dictionary only about 14 percent are native. Most of these to be sure, are common, high frequency words-the, of, I, and because, man, mother, road, etc. Even so, the modern vocabulary is very much Latinized and Frenchified.

The Old English vocabulary was not. The political event which facilitated these changes was the Norman Conquest. The Normans, as the name shows, came originally from Scandinavia. In the early tenth century they established themselves in Northern France, adopted the French language, and developed a vigorous kingdom and a very passable civilization. In the year , led by Duke William, they crossed the Channel and O made themselves master of England. For the next several hundred years, England was ruled by kings and whose first language was French.

C 26 One might wonder why, after the Norman Conquest, French did not become the national language, replacing English entirely. The reason is that the conquest was not a national migration, as the early Anglo-Saxons invasion had been. Great numbers of Normans came to England, but they came as rulers and D landlords. French became the language of the court, the language of nobility, the language of the polite society, the language of literature.

But it did not replace the English language as the language of the people. There must be hundreds of towns E and villages in which French was never heard except when visitors of high station passed through. EP 27 But English, though survived as the national language, was profoundly changed after the Norman Conquest. Some of the changes-in sound structure and grammar-would no doubt have taken place whether there have been a conquest or not.

Ever before the case system of English nouns and adjectives D was becoming simplified; people came to rely more on word order and prepositions than on inflectional endings to communicate their meanings.

The process was speeded up by sound changes which caused many of the endings to sound alike. But no doubt the conquest facilitated the changes. German, which did not experience a Norman Conquest, is today rather highly inflected compared to its cousin English. French ceased, after a hundred years or so, to be the native language of very many people in England, but it continued-and continues still- to be a zealously cultivated sound language, the mirror of elegance and civilization.

When one spoke English, on introduced not only French ideas and French things but also their French names. This was not only easy but also socially useful. The last sentence shows that the process was not yet dead. By using au courant instead of, say, abreast of things, the writer indicates that he is no dull clod who knows only English but an elegant person aware of how things are done in le haut monde.

There were words to do with government; parliament, majesty, treaty, alliance, tax, government; church words; parson, sermon, baptism, incense, religion; words for foods; veal, beef, mutton, bacon, jelly, peach, lemon, cream, biscuit; colours; blue, scarlet, vermilion, household words; curtain, chair, lamp, towel, blanket, parlour; play words; dance, chess, music, leisure, conversation; literary words; story, romance, poet, literary; learned words; study, logic, grammar, noun, surgeon, anatomy, stomach; PY just ordinary words of all sorts; nice, second, very, age, bucket, gentle, final, fault, flower, cry, count, sure, move, surprise, plain.

This is not to say that English became French. English remained English in sound structure and in grammar, though these also felt the ripples of the French influence. The very heart of the C vocabulary, too, remained English. Most of the high frequency words-the pronouns, the prepositions, the conjunctions, the auxiliaries, as well as a great ordinary nouns and verbs and adjectives-were not replaced by borrowing.

D 31 Middle English, then, was still Germanic language, but it differed from Old English in many ways. The sound system and the grammar change a good deal.

Speakers made less use of case systems and other influencial devices and relied E more on word order and structure words to express their meanings. Modern language is not a simple language, as any foreign speakers who try to learn it will hasten to tell you.

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