Management: a logistics perspective. 10th edition pdf download

The political upheaval occurring during the 2nd decade of the 21st century along with terrorism have disrupted some economic development, Never-the-less, global supply chain flows are significant and an examination of some of the related trade data provides some important insights into the significance of various countries on the world stage.

Figure 2. Looking at the map with its numerous circles indicating exports or out flow of merchandise, it reflects good news and bad news. The good news is the number of countries participating in exporting or global commerce. The bad news is the disparity among the countries in terms of volume of exports.

Certainly, some of this is attributable to the size of the country, its stage of economic development, and the value of the merchandise being exported, but the concentration of economic power is obvious. The Table indicates that the European Union as a whole with its 28 countries is the leader in terms of exports. This listing may seem unfair to some readers. But, the total geographic size of the E.

Also, it is interesting to note, that in spite of their relatively small geographic size, four European countries are among the top nine countries on the list. Overall, the EU is an important component of the global economy and a major economic force.

It is also, interesting to note that the Republic of Korea and Hong Kong and both compare favorably with Italy and France in terms of their exports. If the Table were expanded to include the top 12, the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation would make the list at 11th and 12th respectively.

Again, the EU is at the top of the list, but the U. S and China have changed positions with the U. Keep in mind, however, that these table are showing merchandise flows, and are not the equivalent of the Balance of Payments which also reflects financial flows. The trade data in terms of value is the most relevant to the instant discussion for global supply chains but one could argue that the actual physical volume of the flows could also be important from a supply chain perspective.

An overall comparison of imports and exports is interesting. Note the data for China and Germany in terms of exports versus imports. Another set of data that is of interest for this discussion is the trading partners of the U. Canada, Mexico and China are the top three recipients of exports from the United States, in that order.

Japan is a distant fourth with about half of what is exported to China, and China only receives about half of what is exported to Mexico.

Canada is by far the most important trading partner of the. Note that six European countries are in the top 25and an array of Asian and South American countries, for the most part, complete the list. As indicated above, the U. However, in this case China is the top partner followed by Canada and Mexico. The globalized economy, the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT and its successor, the World Trade Organization WTO have together led to multilateral trade promotion and lowered barriers to international business transactions.

The biggest and best known example of an RTA is the European Union EU , with number of memberships growing from six members in the s to 28 members by Obviously, large global companies are also contributing to this phenomenon.

Many would argue the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, for instance, lower prices have saved consumers billions of dollars in purchase prices. There are tradeoffs advantages and disadvantages , but there is no turning back. Global Markets and Strategy The global business environment has changed significantly and companies are not just importing and exporting products but are also locating plants and other facilities in other parts of the world.

Honda and Toyota used to produce cars in Japan and ship them to the United States. Now their cars are also produced in the United States for sale in North America. Tariffs and other trade barriers have been significantly reduced among many countries, allowing a much more competitive global economy. Many Fortune companies experience 50 percent or more of their sales in global markets.

Small and medium-sized companies have also been able to be players in global markets, with the opportunity to source and sell on a global basis by developing appropriate relationships. Success in the global market-place requires development of a cohesive set of strategies including product development, technology, marketing, manufacturing, and supply chains.

Global companies tend to be more successful when their strategies help them to simultaneously achieve their business objectives at their various global locations. From a supply chain perspective, this means strategically sourcing materials and components worldwide, selecting global locations for key supply depots and distribution centers, evaluating transportation alternatives and channel intermediaries, providing customer service, understanding governmental influences on global supply chain flows, examining opportunities for collaboration with third-or fourth-party logistics companies, and other supply chain issues.

From a customer service perspective, global markets and strategy have four important characteristics. First, companies attempt to standardize to reduce complexity, but they have to recognize that global markets need some customization.

Second, global competition often reduces the product life cycle, Technology companies are faced with this phenomenon even in the U. Technology companies counteract with continual upgrades and new products. Third, traditional organizational structures and related business models frequently change since companies get more involved in outsourced manufacturing and some logistical activities such as transportation, warehousing, and order fulfillment.

All of this impacts the supply chain and its related customer service activities. Fourth, globalization introduces more volatility and complexity The need for flexibility and responsiveness is a requisite for customer service throughout the supply chain.

The expanded networks cover long distances and many are complex. Trade policy, regulations, tariffs and currency exchange rates exacerbate the level of complexity for global supply chains. Furthermore, the number of intermediaries that can be involved adds another additional layer of complexity. In addition to the four areas indicated above, some of the customary strategies used in the domestic market are also challenged. The increased length and complexity of the supply chain make it more difficult to achieve shorter lead times.

Also, demanddriven supply or pull systems can lower inventory levels significantly, but they are challenged by the longer distance and complexity of multi-layered supply chains. Other strategies such as compression and lean supply chains are also more difficult to achieve in the global environment. Supply Chain Security: A Balancing Act Given the importance of global trade to the United States, a delicate balance exists between security and the efficient flow of global commerce.

If security is too tight it could impede the flow of needed goods or materials, causing delays and decreased efficiency. Ports and border gateways can become congested because of security measures.

Consequently, clearance time has increased from hours to days in some instances. Steps have been taken to improve the flow through border crossing.

This is necessary for our global economy. Electronic filing of cargo information has helped to improve the border clearance times. The Trade Act of requires exporters to electronically submit shipping documents to U. Customs 24 hours after delivery to a port or 24 hours before vessel departure. For imports, the manifest must be filed by the ocean carrier or the consolidator 24 hours before the U. Canadian border.

Coast Guard was authorized by the U. Maritime Transportation Security Act of to assess the vulnerability of U. This act requires the development of standards for container seals and locks, cargo tracking, identification, and screening systems for ocean containers. Department of Homeland Security in November This voluntary initiative to secure the global supply chain was started with seven companies; by , some 7, corporations were involved in this cooperative effort to secure the global supply chain and to facilitate legitimate cargo and conveyance.

Customs Service. Customs Service, namely, preventing illegal entry of people and drugs, protecting agriculture from harmful pests and diseases, protecting the intellectual property of businesses, collecting import duties, and regulating and facilitating global trade.

Partner companies in C-TPAT agree to be responsible for keeping their supply chains secure to agreed standards and to implement needed changes. One of the key features of this program is information sharing of best practices for security among members. Ports Ports are a critical part of global supply chains and also a major focus for global security.

About 99 percent of the international cargo of the United States moves through its ports, or about 3 billion tons annually. In , international trade accounted for about 9 percent of U. Today, it is over 30 percent. NAFTA establishes free trade between these three countries and provides the way the agreement is to be interpreted. NAFTA states that the objectives of these three countries is based on the principles of an unimpeded flow of goods, most favored nation MFN status, and a commitment to enhance the cross-border movement of.

MFN status provides the lowest duties or customs fees, if any, and simplifies the paperwork required to move goods between the partner countries. Information systems, procedures, language, labels, and documentation are being redesigned to expedite the border crossings and the flow of commerce.

There are continuing challenges to achieving the established goals among all three countries. Migration from Mexico into the U.

Global companies usually are faced with more complex and longer supply chains which challenge them in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and execution. Successful global companies have transformed their supply chains on a continuing basis as economic and political circumstances have changed to enable them to deliver best cost and best value to the ultimate customer. The scope and magnitude of trade flows between the United States and other countries have grown considerably in the last several decades.

One very important development has been the growth in the volume of trade with China and several other Asian countries. Global trade is based upon economic factors of production including land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Population and the age distribution of a country total population are important factors for labor availability. Migration and urbanization are important issues for economic development and vitality of the economy. Success in the global marketplace requires ongoing development of a cohesive set of strategies including customer service, product development, business model, and supply chains management. Supply chains have become increasingly more important during the 21st century.

Supply chain security has taken on increased significance since September 11, Companies individually, jointly, and in cooperation with the various levels of government are actively involved. The federal government, in particular, has expanded the scope of its regulations and policies for global security. Ports are also an important focus for security. Canada and Mexico are ranked number 1 and 3, respectively, on the list of most important trading partners with the United States.

While the treaty had lofty goals, it still is experiencing problems with full implementation of its objectives. Nevertheless, it has helped to foster trade in North America. Explain the underlying rationale for global trade and explain the difference between comparative and absolute advantage.

Smith argued that countries would be better off if they would trade commodities where each country had an economic or cost advantage for one or more of the products that they produced.

In other words, sell or trade products where they had a cost advantage and buy or trade for products where they did not have an advantage. Smith concluded that all participants in such transactions would be better off than trying to be self-sufficient.

While the analysis was relatively simplistic, it was valuable advice, especially for that time period. The latter concept led to mass production or assembly lines in manufacturing plants. The underlying logic was that the specialization led to increased aggregate output and lower unit cost, and provided an opportunity for regional specialization and inter-region commerce for an overall economic benefit. They maintained that even if one country had a comparative advantage lower cost in the production of two products, they should focus on the production of the one that they had the greatest advantage and trade for the other.

As one would expect, later economists explored more fully the rational of global trade and specialization. For example, the Factor Endowment Theory postulates that when a country has more of one of the four so-called Factors of Production land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship , they may have a comparative advantage in producing one or more products. For example, a country with an abundance of capital and an educated workforce may produce high tech products and import labor intensive products and agriculture products.

What are the essential factors for economic growth and increased development of global trade flows? Answer: Essential factors for economic growth and increased development of global trade flows include population growth and age distribution, urbanization, land and. A number of authors have observed that traditional, hierarchical organizations have changed in the current global economy. How have organizations changed? Why have they changed?

What are the impacts of those changes likely to be? Answer: Changes have resulted in shorter product life cycles, new forms of competition and new business models. Traditional organizational structures and related business models frequently change as companies get more involved in outsourced manufacturing and some logistical activities such as transportation, warehousing, and order fulfillment.

Out sourcing, off-shoring and insourcing have become part of the lexicon of 21st century businesses, and information technology has allowed supply chains to be redesigned for more efficiency and effectiveness as well as better execution. Supply chain management has become an important and for some organizations, even critical ingredient for their competitive strategy and success in this global environment.

Companies have transformed themselves by changing their supply chains to take advantage of global opportunities. This new era has and will continue to spotlight supply chains as a critical part of the ability of organizations to compete economically. What private sector company epitomizes the concept of a global company with a well managed global supply chain? Provide a rationale for your response. Answer: Evaluate each student on the merits of their work 5. What special role do supply chains play in the globalization of organizations?

What contributions do successful supply chains make to companies? Answer: A supply chain is boundary spanning; that is, encompassing a group of interrelated firms focused on delivering the best price or value products and services to the ultimate customer at the end of the supply chain.

The globalized economy has led to multilateral trade promotion and lowered barriers to international business transactions. The best supply chains. Do you agree? What has been the impact of this compression? Whereas a customized personal computer may have taken weeks to build and ship in the mids, an accepted standard due to lack of available alternative, can now reach the customer in a matter of days, if not hours.

It can be argued supply chains help to establish the limits of what is competitively possible in the market. Good supply chains are business power and good supply chain managers are continually pushing the limits of their supply chains to be viable in both domestic and global markets.

Reduced order cycle time, for example, has become an important part of supply chain management since it can lead to lower inventory levels for customers, improved cash flow, lower current assets and accounts receivable.

Conversely, the increased length and complexity of the supply chain make it more difficult to achieve shorter lead times. Why are customer service and its related strategy so important for companies operating global supply chains?

Do you think that customer service is more important than lower cost to the customers? For example, in contrast to the U.

Worldwide implementations and corresponding models together with Existing supply chain management books focus on logistics, operations management, and purchasing. Loading… Unsubscribe from guora? Note : this is not a text book. By applying the material flow theory that expands attributes of logistics to coordination of environment, economy, and society, this paper examines the Logistics and Supply Chain Management Masters MSc December 13th, — Apply now for Kingston University London s Logistics and Supply Chain Management MSc MSc degree This programme builds on theory This chapter discusses supply chain management, a major strategic approach for retailers.

Efficient consumer response is discussed as a collaborative approach to supply chain management, with a focus on logistics activities.

Information technology is a major enabler of supply chain activities 1 Action research in supply chain management; investigating the appropriateness from an organisation theory perspective Anita Romsdal Norwegian University of Science and Techn. The paper is structured as follows: the importance of supply chain management is explained, key Supply Chain Management: A Logistics Perspective, 10th Edition.

Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, 6th Edition. Above all, it encompasses the coordination and collaboration with the parties like suppliers, intermediaries, distributors and customers. Supply Chain Management and Logistics is the study of the basic concepts included in the field of logistics and supply chain management.

Topics cove red include: supply chain management, customer service, transportation, purchasing, inventory, and warehouse management and introduces students to the various components of logistics. Topics will include logistics systems, order, … Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management, now in its third edition, provides essential reading for anybody studying SCM and logistics.

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Supply-Chain Management SCM , While supply chain management concepts are receiving increasing attention in literature and practice, the supply chain management philosophy is supported by a limited theoretical base.

The industrial organisation literature related to the advantages, disadvantages and applications of vertical integration and obligational contracts is explored.